How are permanently commissioned officers in active duty appointed?

Permanently commissioned officers in active duty are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. This process is rooted in the U.S. Constitution, which grants the President the authority to appoint officers of the United States, including military officers. The requirement for Senate confirmation serves as a check on the President's power, ensuring that there is legislative oversight in the appointment of high-ranking military personnel. This process reflects the importance of these positions and the need for accountability and a balance of power within the federal government.

The other choices do not accurately represent the appointment process for permanently commissioned officers. The Secretary of Defense does not have the authority to appoint officers independently; their role is more administrative and involves executing defense policy. The Navy's promotion board is involved in the promotion process but does not have the authority to make initial appointments to commissioned status. Lastly, appointments are not automatic upon completion of training; they require formal approval through the outlined processes.